Achiote tree

Scientific name: Bixa orellana

POWO Status: Shrub or Tree

IUCN Red List threat level: Least Concern

GPS Location: 17° 42′ 37.81″ N, 64° 49′ 26.50″ W

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Observations:

Phenological Markers – Achiote Tree (Bixa orellana)

1. Leaf Behavior
Achiote is evergreen to semi-deciduous, depending on rainfall and site conditions.

  • Leaves are heart-shaped with a pointed tip, soft-textured, and light green to bronze when young.
  • Leaf drop is usually minimal, but slight thinning may occur during the dry season (Jan–Mar) or under stress.

Observation Tips:

  • Watch for new leaf flushes after early rains, typically in March–May.
  • Note leaf color and shape consistency as identifiers.

2. Flowering
Produces clusters of pink to pale purple, hibiscus-like flowers, each lasting only a day.

  • Flowering is highly ornamental and typically peaks just before or during the wet season (April–June).
  • Flowers are 5-petaled and appear in terminal clusters, often blooming in waves.

Observation Tips:

  • Document first bud appearance, peak bloom, and flower longevity.
  • Track insect activity, particularly bees and butterflies.

3. Fruiting
Fruits are bristly, reddish capsules that split open when ripe, revealing dozens of small red seeds coated in annatto dye (bixin).

  • Fruiting begins shortly after flowering, typically May–August, with capsules maturing and drying over several weeks.
  • Seeds are collected for use in culinary coloring, body paint, and natural cosmetics.

Observation Tips:

  • Monitor capsule development and ripening color changes.
  • Record pod dehiscence and seed exposure, which occurs naturally as pods dry and split.
  • Seeds may be harvested or scattered by birds.

4. Growth Habit
Achiote grows as a dense, upright shrub or small tree, usually 6–15 feet tall.

  • It thrives in well-drained soils and full sun, making it well suited for tropical gardens and ethnobotanical displays.

5. Seasonal Pattern (St. Croix)

  • Jan–Mar: Light leaf thinning
  • Apr–Jun: Flowering and new growth
  • May–Aug: Fruit development and seed dispersal
  • Sep–Dec: Full canopy, possible secondary flowering
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